Noise figure (NF) represents a fundamental characteristic parameter of RF/microwave devices, serving as a critical metric for evaluating the performance of amplifiers, receivers, and even entire systems. As a traditional RF/microwave test item, NF quantifies the internal noise generated by the device under test (DUT) and reflects the degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is represented by the ratio between input and output SNRs.

IoT technology has a broad range of applications spanning intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government operations, public safety, home security, smart firefighting, industrial monitoring, elderly care, personal health management, plant cultivation, water system surveillance, food traceability, reconnaissance, and intelligence gathering. Signal transmission in IoT systems typically relies on wireless communication using license-free industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands, which feature low power and narrow bandwidths. Many implementations also adopt technologies such as ad hoc networking and relay transmission.

High-speed serial channels have emerged as a solution to the increasing skew between data and clock lines in parallel bus architectures. The latest serial bus architectures have rapidly replaced traditional parallel bus architectures in high-speed digital systems. Engineers are adopting various gigabit serial interconnect protocols with embedded clocking to simplify wiring and increase the bandwidth per channel.